![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/electron.png)
![begin mathsize 48px style X subscript M equals open parentheses I E space plus thin space E A close parentheses divided by 2 end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=3e01d1dca6f525dd5c95604b3d04296a.png)
XM =Electronegativity of an element ; IE = Ionization Energy ; EA =Electron Affinity
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![begin mathsize 36px style 1 over lambda equals R Z squared open square brackets 1 over n subscript f squared minus 1 over n subscript i squared close square brackets end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=d020675e4efaa5b5210b9ffaa2bfa33b.png)
λ= Wavelength of the emmited light (electromagnetic rediation) in the vacuum ; R = Rydberg Constant (1.097x 107 m-1) ; Z = Number of proton in the nucleus of the element; nf = Principal quantum number of final state; ni = Principal quantum number of the initial state
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/bulb.png)
![begin mathsize 48px style Z subscript e f f end subscript equals Z minus space sigma space end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=41f1f3d72cbc8bcf398ea3037be52f9f.png)
Z = Effective nuclear charge; Z = Atomic Number ; σ = Shielding
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/radio.png)
![begin mathsize 36px style lambda equals fraction numerator 2.303 over denominator t end fraction log open parentheses n subscript 0 over n close parentheses end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=6eb082db0a58ca1cdf1b6dd9fad2a992.png)
λ = Radioactive Decay Constant or Disintegration Constant; t = Time interval for which radioelement is present ;
n0 = Initial number of atoms ; n= Final number of atoms.
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/radio.png)
![begin mathsize 48px style t subscript bevelled 1 half end subscript equals space 0.693 divided by lambda end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=db8215e7bb82e143352cc001e4603527.png)
t1/2 = Half Life of Radioactive elment; λ = Decay Constant of the radioactive element
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/radio.png)
![begin mathsize 36px style t subscript bevelled 1 half end subscript space. space log open parentheses W subscript i n i end subscript over W subscript F i n end subscript close parentheses space equals space T space. space log left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis space end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=2315695f394a2c9cf722206ef82a63f2.png)
t1/2 = Half-life of the isotope; T = Time taken for the specific decay ; Wini = Initial amount of the radioactive isotope; Wfin = Final amount of the radioactive isotope
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/solid_0.png)
![begin mathsize 36px style 1 over d squared equals fraction numerator h squared plus k squared over denominator a squared end fraction plus space l squared over c squared end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=a3b7a85b0a4f2a5a9e30d48fb56685e1.png)
d= Interplanar Spacing ; h , k , l = Miller Indices; a ,c = Lattice Constants
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/solid_0.png)
![begin mathsize 36px style d subscript h k l end subscript equals fraction numerator a over denominator square root of h squared plus k squared plus l squared end root end fraction end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=f6f34250355658deff738ad825480257.png)
dhkl= Lattice Spacing ; a = Lattice Constant ; h , k , l = Miller Indices;
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![](http://calistry.org/New/sites/default/files/solid_0.png)
![begin mathsize 48px style n lambda equals 2 d subscript h k l end subscript sin theta end style](/New/sites/all/libraries/ckeditor//plugins/ckeditor_wiris/integration/showimage.php?formula=165a1981975aa1807bf6f575c35443c1.png)
n = An integer ; λ = Wavelength of the incident light ; dhkl= Lattice Spacing ; θ = Angle of incidence ;
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