p= Vapour Pressure of an Ideal Solution ; x= Mole Fraction of Solvent ; p^o =Vapour Pressure of the Pure Solvent ; 

K_b = Boiling Point Elavation Coefficient ; M = Molecular weight ; T= Boiling Point of the pure Solvent ; ΔH = Heat of Vaporization ;

K_b =  Boiling Point Elevation Coefficient ; M = Molarity of the solution (when solute is added) ;

T₀ = Boiling Point of the pure solvent; T_f = Boiling Point of the solution

 N_J = Number of molecule in J state ; N₀ = Number of molecule in the ground state ( J= 0 ) ; K_B =Bolzmann Constant ; T = Temperature ; B = Rotational Constant; h = Plank Constant ; x=Relative Population; c = Velocity of light ; J = Rotational Quantum Number 

T= Transmittance ; ε = Molar Absorption Coefficient ; c = Concentration ; l = Path Length

A = Absorbance ; ε = Molar absorption coefficient , Molar absorptivity  or Molar extinction coefficient ; c = Concentration ; l  = Path Length

E_j = Rotational energy Level; I= Moment of Inertia; J= Rotational quantum number ; h = Plank's constant 

A = Absorbance ; I_o = Intensity of the incident radiation ; I = Intensity of the transmitted radiation  

S=Entropy ; K_B = Bolzmann's Constant ; W = Number of microsates

ΔU= Internal Energy Change ; C_v = Heat Capacity at constant Volume ; T₂ , T₁ =  Final and Initial Temperature;